4th Grade Lesson Plan for Expanded Notation

Students will create, read, and decompose large numbers. Class 4th Grade Duration One or two class periods, 45 minutes each Materials: paper or large note cards numbered 0 - 10 (enough for the whole class)chalkboard, whiteboard, or overhead projector Key Vocabulary place value, ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, ten thousands, hundred thousands, expanded notation (or expanded form) Objectives Students will demonstrate their understanding of place value to create and read large numbers. Standards Met 4.NBT.2 Read and write multi-digit whole numbers using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form. Lesson Introduction Ask a few volunteer students to come to the board and write down the largest number that they can think of and read aloud. Many students will want to put endless numerals on the board, but being able to read the number aloud is a more difficult task! Step-by Step Procedure: Give each student a sheet of paper or large note card with a numeral between 0 - 10.Call two students up to the front of the class. Any two students will work as long as they are not both holding a 0 card.Have them show their numerals to the class. For example, one student is holding a 1 and the other is holding a 7. Ask the class, â€Å"What number do they make when they stand next to each other?† Depending on where they are standing, the new number is 17 or 71. Have students tell you what the numbers mean. For example, with 17, the 7 means 7 ones, and the 1 is really 10.Repeat this process with several other students until you are confident that at least half of the class has mastered the two-digit numbers.Move on to three digit numbers by inviting three students to come to the front of the class. Let’s say that their number is 429. As in the above examples, ask the following questions:What does the 9 mean?What does the 2 mean?What does the 4 mean?As students answer t hese questions, write the numbers down: 9 20 400 429. Tell them that this is called â€Å"expanded notation† or expanded form. The term â€Å"expanded† should make sense to many students because we are taking a number and expanding it into its parts.After doing a few examples at the front of the class, have the students begin writing the expanded notation down as you invite students up to the board. With enough examples on their paper, when it comes to more complex problems, they will be able to use their notes as a reference.Continue adding students to the front of the class until you are working on four-digit numbers, then five-digit, then six. As you move into the thousands, you may want to become the comma that separates thousands and the hundreds, or you can assign the comma to a student. (The student that is always wanting to participate is a good one to assign this to - the comma will be called upon often!) Homework/Assessment You can give your students a choice of assignments  Ã¢â‚¬â€ both are equally long and equally difficult, though in different ways: Have students write 987,654 in expanded notation OR the largest number that they are able to.Have them write 20,006 in expanded notation (Be sure to go over this one in class the next day.) Evaluation Write the following numbers on the board and have students write them in expanded notation:1,78630,551516

Skepticism in the Modern World - 686 Words

Philosophical skepticism, according to Scottish philosopher David Hume, is asking whether human beings can perceive the world around us with any degree of accuracy. Practicing this school of thought means that a person initially never believes anything to be true, but at the same time, does not say everything is necessarily false; instead, he maintains a position of doubt. The final source of truth for a skeptic is experience. In terms of skepticism vs. rationalism vs. romanticism and their usage today, the school of skepticism is the strongest way of thinking, drawing the best conclusions. Rationalism, which uses reason and logic for its basis, is flawed, according to skeptics, in that their rational thought is swayed by desires. As for romanticism, which moves away from the emphasis on science and focuses more on the freedom and creativity of mind (and idealism, where reality varies per person), it is not always applicable in a world that seeks definite answers. In todays world, it is necessary for people to maintain a skeptical attitude towards life. Without the kind of doubt skepticism entails, people can be constantly deceived. Take, for example, a man who is on the Internet and finds interesting ad with appealing claims. These ads, some of them, at least, can be fake and be part of some criminal or companys scheme to make money; however others can be real. If the man were to think skeptically, he would remain wary because ads have the potentialShow MoreRelatedDavid Hume s Theory Of The Principle Of Cause And Effect909 Words   |  4 PagesIf one were to accept David Hume’s account of the principle of cause and effect, then it would follow that modern science lacks foundation and is therefore wrong. In a society focused on progress and heavily based on science, the repercussions of science being unusable would be astronomical. It would call into question all aspects of daily life, as well as the past, present, and future of humanity. 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Organic Agriculture Statistics And Trends - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Organic Agriculture Statistics And Trends? Answer: Introduction Food industry is one of such industries, which has become a curious discussion to mass public. Common people across the globe are aware of the benefits and the harmfulness of the foods they intake to some extent. This has become possible because of lots of discussions on the food related facts on the different websites, in newspapers and in the local government circulars across the globe (Naujokas et al. 2013, p.295). It has also become a much talked topic because of the effect that it produces on mass people. People across the globe are now suffering of some most major diseases such as obesity. Unhealthy foods are thought to be the main reason behind the rising cases of obesity across the globe (Sahoo et al. 2015, p.187). In nowadays, different kinds of chemicals and pesticides are used in cultivating the foods. Farmers use inorganic substances to satisfy the need of high demands of food in no time. However, the used pesticides in the food production have on the other hand affected the naturalness of it in significant number. This is probably the reason behind a comparative lesser health of people than their ancestors have (Rico et al. 2012, p.75-93). Common people are helpless. They have some education on the harmfulness that it causes to the health. However, despite the fact they have to intake such foods. Such helplessness situation has created the much needed platform to some company to occupy on the created chances (Shafie Rennie 2012, p.360-367). This is because of such reason Whole Foods came into existence. The company aimed at delivering quality and naturally grown foods to the customers. The main purpose if this assignment is to analyze the business effects of the Whole Foods Company. The company had given strong values to serve the community and become a socially responsible organization. This study also analyses the challenges that might come upfront once a business intend to deliver on social aspects. Analysis and evaluation Theory of sustainability states that a business should take into account the betterment of all its stakeholders such as employees, customers, environment and the local community (Epstein Buhovac 2014). Whole Foods is one of few names that have started the business with a mission to serve the community. The company has rightly served its mission by strongly following its core values. It has never used soft drinks such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi in its stores despite of some criticism from the customers regarding the unavailability of the products. The strategic operation of the companys Co-CEO Walter Robb has helped the company in attaining the success in quick notes. One of such example is the distribution of a fraction of the benefits to all its employees. Employees in fact are treated as like members of the company (Willer Lernoud 2016, p.1-336). However, there are certain issues as well, which has hampered its reputation. Their mission is to provide healthy foods to the customers; however, one of the processes that they use for producing the foods is unhealthy. They follow both the organic and the exotic method to produce the food. The organic method is healthier as it does not require any spill over of inorganic substances. On contrary to this, the exotic method is unhealthy. Additionally, the produced foods are transported by means of vehicles, which cover a long distance to reach to the scheduled destination. It is a very supportive mean of pollution, which means that foods are environment friendly but the processes are not such. Apart from this, some of the products of Whole Foods are found to contain fat or calories. Additionally, they are not labeled with the nutritional values as well. This is both unethical and against the set mission. The major issue is the price, which is offered against the organic foods. The pric es are very high and higher than any other products in the store (Smith-Spangler et al. 2012, p.348-366). PESTLE analysis Political Economic Social The political situation in New Zealand is supportive as they have eyed on doubling the figures of international exports of dairy products They are encouraging more irrigation and the storage of water to respond to an unexpected drought The national lead government is interested in enhancing the capability of research works by investing much on the process They are trying to encourage the farmers for a positive production of dairy products Foreign investments are given importance but will be scrutinized for the national interest Dairy products are cheaper in the country People are conscious about healthy foods Millennial groups have passion for dairy products Technology Legal Environmental Technology is already in place to enhance the productivity of dairy products and reduce its impact on the environment Technology would be developed to make better decisions and mitigate the risks There are already legal frameworks guiding the production of dairy products Plan is there to make it more competent in following the compliance rules regulations It is affecting the environment as enhancement of dairy products has adverse effects on the environment Improvement in technology is already in plan to reduce the effect of dairy industry on environment The above analysis shows that there are ample of opportunities for the Whole Foods Company in New Zealand. Some of the challenges that the company is facing such as the environmental issues, things are expected to be resolved in future as numerous plans are there in the list of plans of the local government of the country. Porters Five Forces Industry rivalry- The competition in the dairy industry is very high. Fonterra is the leading name, which is a serious threat to the company. Now, many others have entered the industry and enhanced the competition. Whole Foods had to suffer an unexpected competition from industrys big names such as Walmart, safe way and Kroger Company. These companies have effectively started providing organic foods along with their existing products. Whole Foods has also failed in offering the cheapest pricing for the organic foods, which other companies such as Walmart and Kroger have successfully done. Additionally, Fonterra is the biggest name in the industry, which is another threat for the Whole Foods Company. The company had a tough task to stay competitive against such competitors (Ellickson Grieco 2013, p.1-14). Threat of entry- New Zealand is an open economy and hence the threat of entrants is higher in the country. The expected outcome is very much evident in the form of Walmart, safe way and Kroger Company in New Zealand. They have posed severe challenge to the Whole Foods Company (Lees Lees 2017, p.1-20). Threat of substitution- It is also high. Dairy product is made from milk and other natural resources. The changing demands of customer will prompt the different brands that exist in the country for various innovative products in future (Lees Lees 2017, p.1-20). Buyer power- The buyer power in the industry is also very high. This is because people in the country have different tastes, which can vary at any point in time. They are just needed to be educated on the different other products that do not exist in the country (Lees Lees 2017, p.1-20). Supplier power- It is low as things can be controlled by working closely with the farmers. The adverse effect of the surrounding climate can also be controlled with the help of improved and advance technology (Lees Lees 2017, p.1-20). Impact of social responsibility on the overall business strategy There are various opportunities that a business creates when its core values are adjoined to the social responsibility. One of such opportunity is the attainment of a separate audience, which might be bigger in size than the normal customers. For example, many customers prefer having organic foods; however, they do not have many options to get their desired foods. Under such circumstances, if a company like Whole Foods comes up with a concept to offer the organic foods, it is bound to get a wider reception from the customers. It was the opportunity that later on drew the attention of other companies like Walmart, Kroger and Safeway. Those companies are getting the benefits that were there in the industry. The number of customers is increasing with passage of days as they are growing in education on heath related facts (Crane, Matten Spence 2013). However, opportunities do not stand alone; it is rather accompanies with numerous challenges or responsibilities. One of the challenges is to offer the healthier foods under any circumstances. This is indeed difficult as it is clearly evident in the criticized activity of Whole Foods. The company has offered few such products that have fat and calories in those. Additionally, products were not libeled as well to show its nutritional values. Whole Foods that has strong core values for social responsibility has itself derailed from the organizational mission. Another such example is of Unilever that has acted up against the organizational core values n few significant times. One of such incidents is of mercury exposure in 2006, which affected thousands of workers. It happened due to its exposure to the toxic element (Forbes.com 2017). Successful pairing of social responsibility and the business The Co-CEO of Whole Foods Walter Robb believes that it is important to have strong culture in order to stay competitive in the market. This is rightly so because strategies can be easily copied; however, copying a culture requires a huge transformation of existing stage to the desired stage. There are different aspects of the effects of social responsibility on the business practices such as positive and negative. Companies are affected both positively and negatively due to the responsibilities related to the surrounding communities (Farooq et al. 2014, p.563-580). For example, the entrance of Whole Foods in the organic food production after they sensed the potentiality of the concept is a mere example of the positivity that social responsibility has on different organizations across the globe. They capitalized on the created opportunities that came into the existence with the help of numerous articles on websites and various government circulars on health related facts. On the other hand, it has some negative impacts o the organization as well. For example, Whole Foods have gone through negative faces as well. They have been blamed for offering foods that fat and calories yet they did not label the products with their nutritional values. It is difficult to state the reasons behind such practices; however, it has hampered their reputation significantly. They may have done this to earn more by spending the same. It is really understandable that companies feel pressure due to the responsibilities they carry with those related to the surrounding communities. They are appreciated when they deliver the purest form of foods; however, they are criticized when they reduce the quality of food. Customers have high expectations from them, which is why they expect them to deliver the quality food every time. If companies do not meet up with the set expectations of the customers, they are then criticized for such practices (Wang Bansal 2012, p.1135-1153). The Co-CEO of the Whole Foods Company has initiated a program to work closely with the farmers in order to make the farmers realize that they are also a part of the business and also to get the fresh and healthier foods. This is indeed a good move; however, its direct impact would be very unrealistic. The main reason behind the lagging performance of the company in the competition is the pricing of the organic foods, which is comparatively cheaper in other retailing companies such as Walmart and Kroger. The steps that the Co-CEO has adopted would ensure the production of fresh organic foods, which is very important for gaining back the lost reputation due to little criticism on the food contents. This might also help to enhance the sales figure; however, this might not do wonder in favor of the company as product pricing matters a lot to many customers (Liu Zhang 2013, p.84-101). Rating producers based on water use, energy consumption and well being workers would help to categorize the different suppliers. This would help the company in identifying the potential supplier but going such way this would also enhance the bargaining power of the selected suppliers. Company would be bound to get their foods from the selected suppliers only, which means they would not do much experiment in getting their required foods. They would rather try to bargain the identified potential suppliers, which further means the company would require to come to a common agreed point. The common agreed point might not be the best according to the company as suppliers might not provide the products on the demanded quotations (Sheu Gao 2014, p.313-325). Nevertheless, this is never the solution for the pricing competition in between the Whole Foods and the rival companies. Microsoft is one of few companies that have effectively managed its social responsibilities. It has made the entrance to the company easier to communities, which is evident in its few program. It gives discounts to the students, veterans and the military personnel. It also provides donations and assistance. Such discounted offers and the donations enhance the accessibility rates of the students, veterans and the military personnel with its products. Additionally, the company gives a significant amount as donations to valuable nonprofit organizations. It gives donations to support the programs to support the community by helping the needful and the students in the community. It takes care of their education. Apart from its concerns for the community, it also gives ample stress on reducing its carbon footprint to support the environment to have a livable world. The use of renewable energy is one of such examples (Csreurope.org 2017). A company with a mismatched focus would find this difficult to be in the competition. The modern era of competition has taken a different shape, which is heading more towards the social responsibilities. Customers indeed look for the brands that have better records in the corporate social works. This is why it is important for any company to have their business strategies aligned with the social responsibilities as well (Brammer, Jackson Matten 2012, p.3-28). Constraint factors in implementing the socially responsible business There are various ways to attract investors to start up a new business with core values to align to the social responsibilities. Such companies need to initiate few programs such as social welfare like education, helping the poor and providing the relieving works to the natural disaster affected people. Such programs would not only bring the investors but this would also bring many more nations from the different parts of world. People from across the globe give huge donations on such social causes. Another way of attracting the investors can be to advertise the core values related to social responsibilities. This would educate the investors from the different parts of world as the business is aligned with social causes. Investors generally invest in such cause that gives publicity and returns as well. The new venture would give both the business and the reputation (Aguinis Glavas 2012, p.932-968). Traditional business can be defined in two ways such as the one that has less or no connection to the social responsibilities and the one that is aligned with the social responsibilities. Traditional business might get investors if they have potential projects with them; however, they would not be able to get the same number of investors as it is possible with the organization aligned to extensive social responsibilities. This can also be because there are risks associated to the every new project; however, social works are free from risks. This indeed gives utmost publicity to a firm or the associated partners (Nwagbara Reid 2013). Conclusions Whole Foods is one of the most reputed companies in the United States. It has earned reputation in producing the organic foods, which are safe and healthy. The organizational mission and its core values connect its bonding to the social responsibilities. According to the Co-CEO of the company, it is relatively easier to stay competitive by focusing in strengthening the culture. On contrary to this, it is relatively difficult to be in the competition with just normal business strategies. This is because strategies can be easily copied by the other competitors. This is exactly the same what has had happened with the Whole Foods Company. The dominance of the company in producing the organic foods was fiercely challenged by some highly reputed companies such as Walmart, Kroger and Safeway. Whole Foods has been challenged for the pricing of the organic foods. Organic foods are comparatively much expensive than what is offered by other competitor companies. Additionally, they have also bee n caught for offering foods that were unhealthy and contained calories or fat. The violation of the core values and the pricing of the organic foods have both hampered the earned reputation of the Whole Foods Company. To gain back the lost position in the market and to stay firm against the big rivals like Walmart, it is important for Whole Foods to reduce the prices of organic foods. This can be done and the prices can be reduced if it closes the program that scrutinize every single suppliers based on certain parameters. Nevertheless, they should have a large number of suppliers partnered with them. This would enhance the bargaining power of the Whole Foods Company. Moreover, they would be able to offer foods on cheaper prices. However, they should never compromise with the quality of foods. To maintain this, they should work closely to all their suppliers if it is possible. This would ensure a quality production. Nevertheless, quality of product in combination to cheapest pricing is the two strategies that really help get more customers. Getting more customers mean progressive business, which would ensure the business of the Whole Foods Company get back to the position where they once belonged t o. References Aguinis, H Glavas, A 2012, What we know and dont know about corporate social responsibility: A review and research agenda,Journal of management,38(4), pp.932-968. Brammer, S, Jackson, G Matten, D, 2012, Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance,Socio-economic review,10(1), pp.3-28. Crane, A, Matten, D Spence, L.J, 2013, Corporate social responsibility in a global context. Csreurope.org, 2017,Microsoft's 2016 CSR report reflects the companys commitment to making the planet a better place | CSR Europe. [online] Available at: https://www.csreurope.org/microsofts-2016-csr-report-reflects-company%E2%80%99s-commitment-making-planet-better-place#.WdtBZ1uCzIU [Accessed 9 Oct. 2017]. Ellickson, P.B Grieco, P.L 2013, Wal-Mart and the geography of grocery retailing.Journal of Urban Economics,75, pp.1-14. Epstein, M.J Buhovac, A.R 2014,Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts, Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Farooq, O, Payaud, M, Merunka, D Valette-Florence, P, 2014. The impact of corporate social responsibility on organizational commitment: Exploring multiple mediation mechanisms,Journal of Business Ethics,125(4), pp.563-580. Forbes.com, 2017,Forbes Welcome, [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/econostats/2017/03/15/unilever-and-the-failure-of-corporate-social-responsibility/#108a9046498d [Accessed 9 Oct. 2017]. Kalaugher, E., Bornman, J.F., Clark, A. and Beukes, P., 2013. An integrated biophysical and socio-economic framework for analysis of climate change adaptation strategies: the case of a New Zealand dairy farming system.Environmental Modelling Software,39, pp.176-187. Lees, N. and Lees, I., 2017. Competitive advantage through responsible innovation in the New Zealand sheep dairy industry.International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, pp.1-20. Liu, Q Zhang, D 2013, Dynamic pricing competition with strategic customers under vertical product differentiation,Management Science,59(1), pp.84-101. Naujokas, M.F, Anderson, B, Ahsan, H, Aposhian, H.V, Graziano, J.H, Thompson, C Suk, W.A, 2013. The broad scope of health effects from chronic arsenic exposure: update on a worldwide public health problem,Environmental health perspectives,121(3), p.295. Nwagbara, U Reid, P 2013. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Management Trends: Changing Times and Changing Strategies,Economic Insights-Trends Challenges,65(2). Rico, A, Satapornvanit, K, Haque, M.M, Min, J, Nguyen, P.T, Telfer, T.C van den Brink, P.J, 2012. Use of chemicals and biological products in Asian aquaculture and their potential environmental risks: a critical review,Reviews in Aquaculture,4(2), pp.75-93. Sahoo, K, Sahoo, B, Choudhury, A.K, Sofi, N.Y, Kumar, R Bhadoria, A.S, 2015. Childhood obesity: causes and consequences,Journal of family medicine and primary care,4(2), p.187. Shafie, F.A Rennie, D, 2012, Consumer perceptions towards organic food,Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,49, pp.360-367. Sheu, J.B Gao, X.Q, 2014, Alliance or no allianceBargaining power in competing reverse supply chains,European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), pp.313-325. Smith-Spangler, C, Brandeau, M.L, Hunter, G.E, Bavinger, J.C, Pearson, M, Eschbach, P.J, Sundaram, V, Liu, H., Schirmer, P, Stave, C Olkin, I, 2012, Are organic foods safer or healthier than conventional alternatives? A systematic review.Annals of internal medicine,157(5), pp.348-366. Wang, T Bansal, P, 2012, Social responsibility in new ventures: profiting from a long?term orientation,Strategic Management Journal,33(10), pp.1135-1153. Willer, H Lernoud, J, 2016,The world of organic agriculture, Statistics and emerging trends 2016(pp. 1-336), Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International.

McCulloch vs. Maryland Essay Example

McCulloch vs. Maryland Essay One of the most famous supreme court cases of all time took place in Maryland in 1818. The case was between James W. McCulloch vs. the state of Maryland. This was around the time that the big and small state plans were being determined and national and state laws were blurry in how much power each of them had. This case has to do with the powers of the national and state governments. It was the case that also had to do with the necessary and proper clause, and stated that national government has power of state and local governments. The whole case began because of problems with a National Bank. In 1798, treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton chartered the United Statesfirst National Bank. However, the Republican congress had let the charter run out in 1811. In 1816 President Madison realized that had been a mistake, and convinced congress to charter a second bank. The charter was granted even though the bank was not a very popular institution. James W. McCulloch was the manager of th e banks branch office in Baltimore, Maryland. This was just one of 18 branches around the country. In 1818, the state of Maryland imposed an annual tax of $15,000 on the bank in an attempt to get rid of it. In Maryland, Mcculloch refused to pay. He said that the bank was controlled by the national government and the state was trying to tax it as if it were a state-chartered institution. A lot of lawsuits ensued, with the bank calling the tax unconstitutional and the state calling the bank illegal. This was the beginning of one of the supreme courts most extraordinary oral arguments in its history. The issue went far beyond the bank to exactly what congresss powers were. There is nothing in the constitution that specifically grants congress the power to establish and charter a bank. So the question came down to whether congress is limited to exercising only those powers that have been expressly granted to it by the Constitutions crea

Do Male Nurses Make More Money

Do Male Nurses Make More Money We know a wag gap exists throughout the business world, and that the fight for equal pay is super important. But does this happen in the nursing field? Surely if a male and a female nurse, with the same experience and education, are working in the same job, they must make the same money, right? Wrong. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), female RNs made a median weekly salary of $1,011 in 2008, while male RNs made $1,168. That doesn’t look like a huge difference, but remember to multiply that by 52. The gap begins to widen.Turns out, female nurses make 86.6 percent of what their male counterparts are making. Is this just because they make higher hourly wages? Yes and no. Male nurses typically have the advantage coming straight out of school. They make up 6% of the nursing workforce, but tend to be better represented in the more specialized, high paying sectors of the field.Almost half of CRNAs (Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists) are men, and making signific antly more than floor nurses, the vast majority of whom are women. This is mostly because becoming a CRNA requires a master’s degree, and men are more likely than women to go further in their nursing education. Men also factor highly in military nursing positions, which are also super lucrative.Now, this isn’t all salary discrepancy. Sometimes male nurses have the advantage because they’re not responsible for the same amount of childcare as some female nurses. They tend to have more freedom to work overtime shifts and take on extra work, relying on partners to pick up more of the domestic duties.And, perhaps more than anything, they tend to be more aggressive in asking for what they want in salary negotiations and annual reviews.Take away lesson for the ladies? If you can, get that extra degree. Ask your partner to take a few extra shifts of child care so you can bring in a bit more bacon. Push yourself a little further. Fight for pay equity. And, above all else , ask for a raise. You deserve it.

Maintaining Professionalism in Schools Is Essential

Maintaining Professionalism in Schools Is Essential Professionalism is an underrated quality that every educator and school employee should possess. Administrators and teachers represent their school district and should do so at all times in a professional manner. This includes being mindfully aware that you are still a school employee even outside of school hours. Building and maintaining relationships are key components of professionalism. This includes relationships with your students, parents, other educators, administrators, and support personnel. Relationships often define success or failure for all educators. Failing to make deep, personal connections can create a disconnect which impacts effectiveness. For educators, professionalism includes personal appearance and dressing appropriately. It also includes how you talk and act both inside and outside of school.  In many communities, it includes what you do outside of school and whom you have relationships with. As a school employee, you must keep in mind that you represent your school district in everything that you do.   All school employees must always be aware that they are almost always being watched by students and other community members. When you are a role model and authority figure for children, how you carry yourself matters. Your actions can always be scrutinized.  The following policy is designed to establish and promote a professional atmosphere among the faculty and staff. Professionalism Policy All employees are expected to adhere to this policy and to at all times maintain professionalism such that an employee’s behavior and action(s) are not harmful to the district or workplace and such that an employee’s behavior and action(s) are not harmful to working relationships with teachers, staff members, supervisors, administrators, students, patrons, vendors, or others. Staff members who take a sincere professional interest in students are to be commended. The teacher and administrator who inspires, guides, and helps students can have a lasting influence on students throughout their lives. Students and staff members should interact with each other in a warm, open, and positive fashion. However, a certain distance must be maintained between students and staff in order to preserve the businesslike atmosphere necessary to achieve the educational mission of the school. The Board of Education considers it obvious and universally accepted that teachers and administrators are role models. The district has a duty to take steps to prevent activities which adversely intrude into the educational process and which could lead to undesirable consequences. In order to maintain and preserve the appropriate environment necessary to achieve the educational mission of the school, any unprofessional, unethical, or immoral behavior or action(s) harmful to the district or workplace, or any such behavior or action(s) harmful to working relationships with co-workers, supervisors, administrators, students, patrons, vendors or others may lead to disciplinary action under applicable disciplinary policies, up to, and including termination of employment.

Differences Between Institutionalism and Rational Choice Theory Essay

Differences Between Institutionalism and Rational Choice Theory - Essay Example The American political scientists James March and Mancur Olsen initiated 'The New institutionalism' in 1984 in reaction to behaviorism and the mounting power of rational choice theory which emphasizes on the manner in which institutions represent principles and relationships of authority (Hall and Taylor 1996; Lowndes 1996; Lowndes, 2001). New Institutionalism defines institutions themselves as an essential variable in political outcomes (March and Olsen 1984) and focuses on the comparative independence of political institutions. Institutions do not symbolize society or individual strategies, unlike the rational choice theory. Institutionalism merely offers sense to communications and supplies the background, within which these communications take place. The rational choice theory asserts that institutions are simply bestowed with powers by individuals themselves. The rational choice theory is essential in comprehending by first understanding the personal interactions. The rational choice theory involves a reasonable preference which is not the case in institutionalism. Normative or sociological institutionalism implies the codes of suitable conduct that permeate the individuals in the organizations. Community officials operate on the basis of their opinion of what they envision is the correct code of behavior and they tend to oppose alterations which are deviated from their traditional views of 'appropriate behavior' particularly when this is associated to the implementation of a precise location or organization.Individuals or actors within the organizations are tied by universal morals, which explicates not only their tendency to aggravate amends but also the capability for institutions to replicate themselves. Normative institutionalism consequently structures the institutions with regard to the belief systems of individuals or actors who are deemed as associates of an occupation, organization, position, instead of efficacy augmenting individuals.Its fundamental supposition is that individuals within organizations are conventional, apprehensive of transformations and unyielding in the protection of their wellbeing. In the Institutional approach, the tradition is recognized as the chief self-governing variable (Rose, Collier 1991). Rose (1991) debates powerfully that policy selections are restricted by historical choices. Present administration can not, therefore, disregard precedent assurances. In a parallel debate, Weaver states the 'automatic government' and fears the ability of governments to execute amends.According to the concept of path dependency in historical institutionalism, preliminary judgments are decisive since they bind in potential verdicts.Rational Choice theory endeavors to bind the methodological individualism and institutional design (Ostrom) by emphasizing on procedural individuality, rather than communal.